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4. Prepare the poultice. If a powder is to be used, pre-mix

   For instructions on how to apply a poultice see information at bottom of the guide ● To learn more about poultice see information at bottom of the guide ● For unknown stains see information at the bottom of guide

   • Some of the stain removal processes below may also require diamond grinding and honing to remove.

   ADHESIVES

   Types:

   Tape residue, cellophane, stickers, etc.

   Problem:

   Sticky residue on surface of stone. Some tape residues, especially duct tape can penetrate below the surface of the stone and can be very difficult to remove.

   Solution:

   1. Peel off any remaining tape, use a very sharp razor blade and be careful not to scratch the surface of the stone.
   2. The remaining sticky residue can usually be removed with a rag and acetone. Pour the acetone on a clean white rag and rub the area until all of the sticky residue is gone.
   3. If the adhesive has left a stain, prepare a poultice of diatomaceous earth with mineral spirits, being careful to follow directions for user and label precautions.

   BEER

   Types

   There are literally hundreds of beers. The beers that seem to be more of a problem with stains are the dark beers. Light colored countertops are very susceptible to dark beer staining.

   Problem: The sugars and proteins in the beer can cause a very dark stain on light colored stones. 35

   Solution:

   1. Clean the entire area thoroughly with water and a mild dish detergent. Allow the water and soap to soak into the stone for several minutes. Lightly agitate the area and remove excess water with a dry towel. Rinse the area with clear water.
   2. If the above cleaning procedure does not remove the beer stain, then try a stronger cleaner such as ammonia and water.
   3. If the stone is still stained prepare a poultice of diatomaceous earth with 30-50 % hydrogen peroxide.

   Several poultices may need to be applied

   ACNE CREAMS

   Types:

   Most acne creams on the market today contain Benzyl Peroxide which is a bleaching agent.

   Problem:

   Acne creams which contain dyes can cause staining. These dyes are usually beige to brown in color.

   Solution:

   1. Thoroughly clean the area with water and a mild detergent.
   2. Once the area has dried, take some acetone on a clean white rag and rub the stained area, carefully following label directions and precautions.
   3. If the acetone doesn’t work, poultice the area with diatomaceous earth and 30-50% hydrogen peroxide.

   BLEACH

   Types:

   Common household bleach

   Problem:

   Bleach contains sodium hypochlorite, which is an acid and can etch soft marbles. It may also lighten certain sedimentary type stones like shell stone and coquina.

   Solution:

   1. Flood the area with clean water to remove any excess bleach.
   2. If the stone is etched then repolish the area with a polishing powder such as aluminum oxide and oxalic acid. I recommend using a pre-packaged powder. Apply a small amount of powder, add some water and rub the area into a slurry with a white buffing pad.
   3. If the stone has lightened there is very little that can be done. A light application of linseed oil may cosmetically darken the area to help hide the discoloration.

   BLOOD

   Types: Human and animal blood and raw meats prepared on a marble countertop can cause blood staining

   Problem:

   Blood contains salts and proteins; if it is cleaned while still fresh it will usually not stain. If allowed to dry, blood stains can be very difficult to remove.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a mild dish detergent.
   2. Prepare a solution of 50% household ammonia and water. Apply this solution and allow to sit for several minutes. Gently scrub the area and rinse with cold clear water.
   3. If stain is still present, poultice with diatomaceous earth and ammonia. 37

   CANDY-NON-CHOCOLATE

   Types:

   Hundreds of types of candies-All containing sugar and various dyes. Problem:

   Several candies contain dyes; red dye especially can be very difficult to remove. Solution:

   1. Scrape remaining candy from surface.
   2. Clean area with acetone and a clean white cloth.
   3. If acetone doesn’t work, poultice with diatomaceous earth with mineral spirits

   TOMATO SAUCE

   Types:

   Barbecue, steak, spaghetti and ketchup.

   Problem:

   These sauces contain tomato, tannin, oil and dyes. The dyes will leave a red to brown stain. The oil will penetrate the stone and darken it.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a mild detergent.
   2. If stain is still present, clean the area with an alkaline degreaser. Mix with water according to directions and let solution stand on stained area for several minutes. Agitate with a cloth and rinse with clean water.
   3. If stain is still not removed then use diatomaceous earth and an alkaline degreaser. A second poultice may be required using diatomaceous earth and a solvent such as mineral spirits or commercial paint remover if there is dye present.

   GUM

   Types:

   Chewing gum, tree gum (sap), etc.

   Problem:

   Gum rarely stains stone surfaces but can be very difficult to remove from honed and rough textures surfaces.

   Solution:

   1. Do not try to scrape gum off surface; this only makes more of a mess. Freeze the gum using an aerosol gum freeze, available at most janitorial supply houses. Spray the gum for several seconds then chip the gum with a scrapper or putty knife. This should remove most of the gum.
   2. If there is any gum residue still remaining apply a solvent cleaner such as a dry spotter, also available at most janitorial supply houses.

   HARD WATER STAINS

   Types:

   Water stains from irrigation systems, faucets, bathroom fixtures, shower walls, etc. Problem:

   The minerals in water will leave mineral deposits which can appear as a white haze or even large deposits of crust like minerals.

   Solution:

   1. If deposits are large try, scraping off excess deposits with a sharp razor blade.
   2. Next apply a solution of weak phosphoric acid and agitate the area applying more acid as needed. NOTE: This will etch all marble surfaces, so plan on re-finishing the marble.

    3.Re-hone and polish the stone if necessary.

   Some mineral deposits will be embedded below the surface of the stone and may cause spalling. If this is the case, replacement of the damaged stone is the only alternative.

   HEEL MARKS

   Types:

   Black rubber, neoprene

   Problem:

   Rubber can leave a black streak mark on surface of stone. These marks rarely stain but can be difficult to remove from rough textured stones and concrete.

   Solution:

   1. Clean with acetone and a clean white rag. On textured stone try using a green scrub pad with acetone.
   2. If acetone doesn’t work, then try another solvent such as dry spotter, available at janitorial supply.

   CHOCOLATE

   Types:

   Candy, cocoa, ice cream

   Problem:

   Can leave brown stains in light color marbles.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a mild detergent.
   2. If stain is still present, clean with ammonia and water. Let solution sit on stained area for several minutes. Remove excess solution and rinse with clear cold water.
   3. If above procedures fail, poultice with diatomaceous earth and ammonia. Difficult to remove chocolate stains may require poulticing with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide.

   BURNS

   Types: Cigarette, hot irons, propane etc.

   Problem:

   Cigarette and cigar burns will leave a yellow nicotine stain which can be difficult to remove. Cigarette burns can also melt the stone and in the case of granite may cause spalling.

   Solution:

   1. If stone is melted or spalled, re-honing and polishing will be necessary.
   2. If a yellow nicotine stain is the problem, then poultice with diatomaceous earth with 35% hydrogen peroxide.
   3. If several hydrogen peroxide poultices do not work, try poulticing with diatomaceous earth and mineral spirits.

   COFFEE/TEA

   Types:  Instant coffee, hot tea and iced tea

   Problem:

   Coffee and tea both contain tannin which can leave a yellow to brown stain. If left on stone long enough the stain can penetrate deeply and be nearly impossible to remove. If the concentration of coffee or tea is strong enough it can also etch the surface of polished marble.

   Solution:

   1. Pour 35% hydrogen peroxide directly on the stain and add a few drops of ammonia. Leave until bubbling stops.

   Caution: Do not use ammonia only. Ammonia can permanently set the stain.

   2. If above procedure does not remove stain then poultice with diatomaceous earth and 35% hydrogen peroxide.
   3. If all else fails, try poulticing with diatomaceous earth and mineral spirits.

   EGG

   Types:

   Chicken or duck

   Problem:

   Eggs contain a protein called albumin which can leave a yellow stain. Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a mild detergent of stone soap. Caution: Do not use hot water, it can set the stain.
   2. If stain still remains, poultice with diatomaceous earth and 20-50% hydrogen peroxide.

   LIGHT-COLORED FRUIT JUICE

   Types:

   Apples, pears, oranges, lemon, lime, grapefruit and their juices

   Problem:

   The acids in some fruits, especially lemon will etch polished marble. The sugars in these fruits will turn yellow or brown if allowed to sit too long.

   Solution:

   1. If the surface is etched, re-polish using Stone Medic MPC Marble Polishing Compound. If the etching is very deep, re-honing may be necessary.
   2. If the fruit has left a stain then clean the area with cold water and a mild detergent.
   3. If stain still remains poultice with diatomaceous earth and 20-50% hydrogen peroxide.

   RED FRUIT

   Types:

   Cherry, grape, blueberry, blackberry, cranberry, raspberry, strawberry and their juices Problem:

   All these fruits contain dyes which can be very difficult to remove.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area with cold water

   Caution: Do not use soap; it can set the stain.

   2. If stain still remains poultice with diatomaceous earth and 20% hydrogen peroxide. 3. If stain is still not removed, poultice with diatomaceous earth and mineral spirits.

   FURNITURE POLISH

   Types:

   Spray and liquid furniture polishes

   Problem:

   Oils, dyes, waxes and silicones can cause staining. The darker polishes (e.g., walnut) can permanently stain the stone.

   Solution:

   1. Clean with acetone and a clean white rag. Allow acetone to sit on stain area a few minutes and blot remaining acetone with a clean rag.
   2. If stain is still present, poultice with diatomaceous earth and mineral spirits or commercial paint remover.

   GLUE – SYNTHETIC

   Types:

   Super glue, hot glue, epoxy resin, plastic model cement

   Problem: These types of glues will rarely stain. The glues are usually hard to remove from the surface.

   Solution:

   1. On smooth surface scrape glue with a sharp razor blade. Be careful not to scratch the surface.
   2. Any remaining residue can be cleaned with acetone and a clean white rag.
   3. If the glue is really stubborn, soak the area in acetone for several minutes and try scraping with a razor blade, followed by wiping with acetone.

   GLUE – WATER SOLUBLE

   Types:

   Casein, mucilage, paste and hide glue.

   Problem: The white and clear glue rarely stain. However some of the darker glues can leave a stain that can be difficult to remove.

   Solution:

   1. Scrape excess glue with a sharp razor blade. Be careful not to scratch the surface. 2. Clean with cold water and a mild detergent. Try using a green scouring pad.
   3. If glue is stubborn use acetone and a clean white rag.
   4. If the glue has left a stain, then poultice with diatomaceous earth and mineral spirits.

   GRASS

   Problem:

   Tannin and chlorophyll in the grass can leave a nasty green or yellow stain. Solution:

   1. Clean stained area with a clean white rag and denatured alcohol.
   2. If stain still remains poultice with diatomaceous earth an 20-50% hydrogen peroxide.

   Caution: DO NOT use ammonia, or any alkaline cleaners on grass stains – it can permanently set the stain.

   GREASE

   Types: Petroleum type grease like wheel bearing grease, cooking grease and vegetable oils, etc. Problem:

   Can leave a nasty dark stain that can penetrate deeply into the stone. Can be very difficult to remove. Try to remove as soon as grease is spilled.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a mild detergent.
   2. Soak stained area with a commercial degreaser for several minutes. If degreaser solution dries, reapply and keeping it wet. Remove excess degreaser and rinse with clean water.
   3. If stain is still present, poultice with diatomaceous earth and commercial degreaser. 45
   4. For stubborn grease stains, poultice with diatomaceous earth and mineral spirits or commercial paint remover.

   FATTY OILS

   Types:

   Butter, margarine, fried foods, mayonnaise, salad dressings, gravy, etc. Problem:

   Fats and oils can leave a dark stain which can be difficult to remove. Some salad dressings and foods contain dyes which can also cause staining.

   Solution:

   1. Thoroughly clean stained area with cold water and a mild detergent of stone soap.
   2. Apply a commercial degreaser to the stained area and let sit for several minutes. Remove excess degreaser and rinse with clean, clear water.
   3. If stain is still present, poultice with degreaser and diatomaceous earth.
   4. For stubborn stains, poultice with a solvent such as mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   SYRUP

   Types:

   Honey, molasses, maple and corn

   Problem: The sugar and coloring added to these syrups can cause staining.

   Solution:

   1. Thoroughly clean stained area with cold water and a mild detergent of stone soap. 46
   2. If stain still remains, clean with ammonia and water. Let solution sit for several minutes, then agitate and rinse with clean water.
   3. If stain is still present, poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.

   ICE CREAM-NON CHOCOLATE

   Types:

   All flavors except chocolate (also see chocolate)

   Problem:

   Food coloring and fruits can cause staining.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a mild detergent or stone soap. 2. If stain still remains poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.
   2. If the stain is very stubborn try a poultice with mineral spirits or similar solvent and diatomaceous earth.

   INK

   Types:

   Ball Point pen, magic marker, carbon paper, newspaper print, etc

   Problem:

   Most inks penetrate deep into the stone and can be very difficult to nearly impossible to remove, depending on the age of the stain. It is very important to remove the stain as quickly as possible.

   Solution:

   1. Clean the area thoroughly with acetone and a clean white rag.
   2. Poultice the stain with a solvent such as mineral spirits or commercial paint remover and diatomaceous earth.

   Several attempts will be necessary to remove the stain. If no improvement is noticed after 5 attempts then stain is most likely permanent.

   JAM OR JELLY

   Types:

   All types and flavors, artificial and natural preserves, etc.

   Problem:

   Dyes and fruits can cause staining, especially grape and berry jams and jellies. Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a good mild detergent. 2. If stain still remains poultice with a mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   KOOLAID

   Types:

   Kool-aid-type drinks and popsicles, etc.

   Problem:

   Dyes can be extremely difficult to remove, especially the red and orange colors. Solution:

   1. Clean with a solution of ammonia and water. This will help neutralize the dye.
   2. Poultice with commercial Kool-aid remover (available at janitorial supply) and diatomaceous earth.

   LIPSTICK

   Types:

   All colors and types

   Problem:

   Oil waxes and dyes can be difficult to remove.

   Solution:

   1. Scrape excess lipstick with a sharp razor blade. Lipstick is very concentrated; attempting to clean without scraping excess will only spread the lipstick around.
   2. Once all excess is removed, clean with acetone and a clean white rag.
   3. If stain is still present, poultice with a solvent such as mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   LIQUOR

   Types:

   Mixed drinks and white wine (for red wine, see wine; for beer, see beer) Problem:

   Alcohols can melt agglomerate-type stones. Dyes can cause staining. Solution:

   1. Agglomerate stones that are damaged can sometimes be filled with a polyester resin. Seek professional help if this is the case or replace the stone.
   2. Stains will need to be poulticed with a solvent such as mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   LOTION

   Types:

   Baby lotion, body, suntan and hair oil, etc.

   Problem:

   Lotions contain various oils which can cause dark staining. Can be difficult to remove if left on too long.

   Solution:

   1. Thoroughly clean area with water and a mild detergent.
   2. Prepare a solution of a degreaser and water. Apply solution to the stained area and let sit for several minutes. Agitate and remove excess solution and rinse with cold clear water. Repeat several times.
   3. If stain is deep, apply a poultice of degreaser and diatomaceous earth.

   MAKE-UP

   Types:

   Mascara, blush, eye shadow, liquid foundation, etc.

   Problem: Dyes, waxes and oils can stain stone. Many types of makeup have a high concentration of dye, which can be tricky to remove.

   Solution:

   1. Remove any excess makeup by blotting with a clean white rag. DO NOT wipe; this will only spread the stain.
   2. Clean the stained area with denatured alcohol and a clean white cloth. Blot; DO NOT wipe.
   3. If stain still remains, poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.
   4. If stain still remains, poultice with a solvent like mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   IODINE

   Types:

   Iodine, mercurochrome and similar dyes found in medicines

   Problem: Can leave a stain that can be nearly impossible to remove. Solution:

   1. Blot any wet iodine with a clean white rag.
   2. Clean the area with denatured alcohol and a clean white rag. Be sure to blot the area. DO NOT wipe; this will only make the stain larger. Blot until you see no more dye on the white rag.
   3. If stain still remains poultice with denatured alcohol and diatomaceous earth.

   MILDEW STAINS

   Types:

   Mildew, fungus, algae and other living plant stains

   Problem: Can leave a black, green, blue, orange or white blotchy type stain on stone surfaces. Since this is a living fungus it can grow and spread at a rapid rate. Usually requires a moist environment to grow, such as showers, etc.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with a mild detergent.
   2. If there is any soap film on a shower wall, be sure to remove the soap film by scrapping and then wiping with a clean rag and acetone.
   3. To remove the mildew stains, spray the area with a solution of 3 parts household bleach to one part water, with several drops of dish detergent. Continue to mist the area until all the mildew stains disappear.
   4. Rinse the entire area with clean water and dry it.

   MILK

   Types:

   Milk, cream and other milk products

   Problem:

   The animal fat contained in milk can sour and leave a yellow stain and it also can smell very badly.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with a mild detergent.
   2. Apply a solution of 3 parts bleach to one part water. Let stand for several minutes than rinse with clean water.
   3. If stain is still present poultice with 20% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.

   MUD

   Types: Mud, dirt, red clay, etc.

   Problem:

   Most dirt is not a big problem, however red clay can leave some nasty stains that can be difficult to remove

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with a mild detergent of stone soap and plenty of cold water to remove all surface dirt.
   2. If dirt has left any stains then poultice with household ammonia and StoneMedic SPP Stone Poultice Powder.
   3. If the stain was caused by red clay and the ammonia does not remove it, then poultice with a mixture of one part laundry detergent and 2 parts diatomaceous earth.

   MUSTARD

   Types:

   All types

   Problem:

   Mustard contains turmeric, which is a yellow spice that causes the yellow staining. Mustard stains can be very difficult to remove, especially if the stain is old.

   Solution:

   1. Thoroughly clean the stained area with cold water and a mild detergent (blot only).
   2. Pour 20-50% hydrogen peroxide directly on the stain and add a few drops of ammonia. Leave until bubbling stops.
   3. If the stain is still present poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.

   CAUTION: Do not use ammonia or alkaline type cleaners on mustard stains as this may permanently stain the stone.

   NAIL POLISH

   Type:

   Enamel or lacquer types

   Problem:

   Nail polishes will dry very quickly. For this reason the dyes they contains will rarely penetrate into polished stone. Rough texture stone is another problem. The nail polish will penetrate immediately causing a difficult to remove stain.

   Solution:

   1. Immediately blot with a clean white cloth.
   2. Apply acetone to the stain and blot with a clean white cloth. Continue to apply acetone and blot until stain disappears.
   3. If stain is old, poultice with a solvent (Mineral spirits, alcohol, etc) and diatomaceous earth.

   OIL

   Type:

   Automotive, cooking and lubricating, etc

   Problem:

   Oil can be very difficult to remove on most stone. Oils will penetrate deep into the stone and will spread out throughout the stone. Try to clean up the oil spill as soon as it happens.

   Solution:

   1. Blot up any excess oil with a clean white cloth. If oil has dried on the surface scrape with a sharp razor.
   2. If oil is still fresh and has penetrated into the stone, sprinkle a generous portion of StoneMedic SPP Stone Poultice Powder on the spill and let stand for 12-24 hours.
   3. Remove the dry poultice and prepare a solution of degreaser and water. Apply this solution to the spill and keep it wet for 30 minutes. Vacuum the solution up and blot the remainder with a clean white cloth.
   4. If stain is still present poultice with a solvent (commercial paint remover works well) and diatomaceous earth.

   PAINT-OIL BASED

   Type:

   All oil based paints and alkyd resins and solvents

   Problem:

   Oil based paints are the most difficult paints to remove. The oils and solvents contained in these paints will carry the dyes deep into the stone.

   Solution:

   1. Immediately blot any excess paint from the surface with a clean white cloth.
   2. Apply liberal amounts of mineral spirits (paint thinner) to the spill and blot. Continue to blot until no color is observed on the cloth.
   3. Apply a poultice of commercial paint remover and diatomaceous earth.

   PAINT-WATER BASED

   Type:

   All water based paints and polymer resins

   Problem:

   Very difficult to remove.

   Solution:

   1. If the spill is fresh, blot immediately with a clean white cloth.
   2. Clean area with water and a mild detergent.
   3. If stain is dry, scrape paint with a sharp razor blade. If scraping is difficult apply a solution of soap and water to the spill and scrape while wet.
   4. If stain has penetrated the stone, poultice with a commercial water rinseable paint remover and diatomaceous earth.

   PENCIL

   Type:

   Graphite and indelible pencil

   Problem:

   Pencil can be tricky to remove as the graphite may penetrate into the stone. Most commonly the graphite is only on the surface of the stone.

   Solution:

   1. Try using a pencil eraser to erase the graphite. This procedure will work most of the time.
   2. If graphite has penetrated the stone, poultice with denatured alcohol and diatomaceous earth.

   PERFUME

   Type:

   Oils, alcohol and fragrances

   Problem:

   Oils can penetrate the stone and cause a light oil spot. Alcohols can also react with certain stones and turn a brown color.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with de-natured alcohol and a clean white cloth. 2. If stain is deep, poultice with denatured alcohol and diatomaceous earth.

   PERSPIRATION

   Type: Body oils, salts and enzymes

   Problem:

   Oils from perspiration are a big problem on walls, countertops etc where hands are constantly touching the surface of the stone.

   Solution:

   1. Blot the area with denatured alcohol and a clean white cloth.
   2. If stain is still present, poultice with denatured alcohol and diatomaceous earth.

   BODY FLUIDS

   Type:

   Urine and vomit

   Problem:

   Urine and vomit contain acids which can etch polished marble. The proteins contained can also stain the stone and have a terrible odor.

   Solution:

   1. Try to clean up the accident as quickly as possible. Blot the area with a clean white cloth.
   2. Apply a solution of 1 part vinegar, 1 part 35% hydrogen peroxide and 6 parts water. Let the solution soak into stain for several minutes and pick up with a wet vacuum.
   3. After treatment above apply a solution of a commercial bacteria/enzyme digester (available at janitorial supply). Cover with a paper towel soaked with digester. Allow to sit overnight. This should remove the odor. It may require several applications of digester to remove the odor.

   RUST

   Type:

   Iron oxide

   Problem: Rust is one of the most difficult stains to remove. It can cause a reddish-brown to yellow stain that can permanently set into the stone.

   Solution:

   1. If the rust stain is new, try applying a solution of rust remover and water. Mix into a slurry and lightly agitate the area with a soft bristle brush. Rinse with clean water.

   Caution: Rust removers may cause etching; be prepared to re-polish the stone.

   2. If stain is old and has penetrated into the stone, poultice with rust remover and . diatomaceous earth

   Caution: Do not use clay powders; use diatomaceous earth .

   3. If #2 above does not work poultice, with hydrofluoric acid and diatomaceous earth. Caution: Never use bleach; it will only make stain worse.

   SHOE POLISH

   Type:

   All liquid polishes including white

   Problem: Dyes in shoe polish can penetrate the stone leaving a nasty stain.

   Solution:

   1. If dry, scrape excess polish with a clean sharp razor. Apply a solution of Apeiron’s Stone Cleaner/Conditioner to help lubricate the blade and prevent scratching.
   2. Clean the area thoroughly with acetone and a clean white cloth.
   3. If stain still appears, poultice with a solvent (mineral spirits, etc) and diatomaceous earth.

   SMOKE/SOOT

   Type:

   Smoke and soot from fireplaces and fire damage. Does not include tobacco smoke. 58

   Problem: Smoke and soot contain particles of oil and carbon which can leave a black ugly stain. Solution:

   1.Wipe excess soot with a clean, dry white cloth.

   2.Clean area thoroughly with a solution of stone soap or dishwashing soap in warm water. Use a stiff brittle brush for rough textured stone or concrete.

   3. If smoke damage is heavy clean with a solution of degreaser and warm water. 4. If smoke damage is still present, poultice with the degreaser and diatomaceous earth.

   SOFT DRINKS

   Type: Coke, Pepsi and all other carbonated sodas

   Problem:

   The coloring and sugars in sodas can cause severe staining.

   Solution:

   1. If the spill is fresh blot with a clean white cloth.
   2. Clean the area thoroughly with a mild detergent and warm water. Flood the stained area thoroughly.
   3. If stain is still present, poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.

   SOUP

   Type:

   All soups and stew containing meat and vegetables

   Problem:

   Can leave some greasy looking stains that can be difficult to remove, especially if the stain is old.

   Solution:

   1.Clean the area thoroughly with a solution of ammonia and water.

   2. If stained after clean-up poultice with ammonia and diatomaceous earth. 3. If the stain is present, poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth

   SOY/WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE

   Type:

   All brands of soy and Worcestershire sauces.

   Problem:

   Coloring and proteins in these sauces can be extremely difficult to remove. Solution:

   1. Clean the area thoroughly with acetone and a clean white cloth. Be sure to blot only. 2. Poultice with a solvent such as mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   TAR

   Type:

   Asphalt, roofing tar, beach tar, etc.

   Problem: Dyes in tar can cause deep staining in stone and concrete.

   Solution:

   1. Scrape away any excess tar with a clean dry razor blade.
   2. Clean the remaining tar with acetone and a clean white cloth.
   3. If stain still remains poultice with mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.
   4. If stain is stubborn, poultice with De-Solv-it (available at hardware stores) and diatomaceous earth.

   Caution: DO NOT use water with tar. It will harden the tar and set the stain.

   TOBACCO

   Type:

   Smoke stains from cigarettes and cigars

   Problem:

   Nicotine can cause a light yellow stain that can be difficult to remove. Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with a mild detergent or stone soap and cold water. 2. For heavy tobacco stains clean with a degreaser and cold water. 3. If stain still remains, poultice with degreaser and diatomaceous earth.

   TOMATO

   Type:

   Canned, fresh tomatoes, tomato pastes, juice, etc.

   Problem:

   Acids in tomato products can etch the surface of polished marble. Can also leave a red stain in porous stones.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with cold water and a mild detergent or stone soap. Rinse with clear water.
   2. If stone is stained, poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth. 3. If stone is etched, re-polish with polishing powder.

   INK-TONER

   Type:

   Copy machine toner and similar inks

   Problem:

   This is one of the most difficult ink stains to remove. If the stain is allowed to sit it may become permanent.

   Solution:

   1. Thoroughly clean the area with acetone and a clean white cloth. Continue to clean until no ink is transferred to the cloth.
   2. If dye has penetrated the stone,poultice with commercial paint remover and diatomaceous earth.

   VEGETABLE

   Type:

   Green and yellow vegetables

   Problem: Will leave a green yellow stain.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with a mild detergent of stone soap and cold water. 62
   2. If stain is still present, poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.

   VOMIT

   Type:

   Human or animal vomit

   Problem:

   The acids in the stomach have a very low acidic Ph and can severely etch the surface of polished marble. Can also leave a stain depending on what was eaten.

   Solution: 

   1. Clean area through with a mild detergent of stone soap and cold water.
   2. Clean are with a solution of household ammonia and cold water. Continue to clean until all stain is gone.
   3. If stain is still present, apply a poultice of ammonia and diatomaceous earth
   4. If odor is still present apply a solution of enzyme digester (available at janitorial supply). Keep wet for several hours. Covering with a wet paper towel will help keep enzyme solution wet.
   5. If stone is etched, re-polish as necessary. WATER RINGS/SPOTS

   Type:

   Rings from drinking glasses and hard water spots from drips.

   Problem:

   Water will not usually stain but will leave a white ring or spot. This ring or spot is deposits of minerals from the water. If the drink contains acid (e.g., lemon in ice tea) it will etch polished marble in the shape of a ring or spot.

   Solution;

   1. Try buffing ring or spot with dry #000 steel wool.
   2. If ring or spot still remains, re-polish as necessary.
   3. If ring or spot is very deep, re-honing may be necessary.

   Caution: If the stone has been waxed or colored with dyes the ring may have removed the wax or dyes from the surface. To test for waxes or dyes take some acetone and clean an inconspicuous area. If the stone lightens there is a wax or dye on the stone. If this is the case you will need to re-wax or re-dye.

   WAX COATINGS

   Type:

   Waxes, acrylics, urethane, epoxy, etc.

   Problem:

   Waxes can yellow and give a plastic like appearance. They will also attract dirt. Solution:

   1. If the coating is water based (e.g., acrylics), strip the stone with a commercial wax stripper. Be sure to rinse thoroughly.
   2. If the coating is solvent based (waxes, urethane, epoxy), strip with a commercial paint stripper.
   3. Once all coatings have been stripped, re-honing and re-polishing may be necessary.

   WINES

   Type:

   All red wines

   Problem:

   The tannin contained in red wine can severely stain stone.

   Solution:

   1. Clean the area thoroughly with acetone and a clean white cloth.

   Caution: DO NOT use detergent and water; this may set the stain.

   2. If stain is still present, poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth .
   3. If stain is stubborn, try poulticing with a solvent such as mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   WOOD STAIN

   Type:

   All solvent based stains and dyes.

   Problem:

   The dyes contained in these stain can be nearly impossible to remove, as they are designed to stain wood. The older the stain gets the harder it is to remove.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area thoroughly with acetone and a clean white cloth. Continue to clean until no stain is visible on the cloth.
   2. Prepare a poultice with commercial paint remover and diatomaceous earth. It may take several attempts to pull these difficult stains out.

   YELLOWING

   Type: General yellowing across the surface of most stones, especially white marbles.

   Problem:

   There are many causes for yellowing of stone. UV light can cause yellowing over time. Iron contained naturally in stone can oxidize and cause yellowing. Inexpensive coatings can cause yellowing. Mastic used to set stone can yellow.

   Solution:

   1. If the yellowing is caused by iron contained naturally in the stone or if the stone is aging, you will likely never get the yellowing out.
   2. If the yellowing is caused by waxes or coating, strip them off according to stripping directions (see waxes).

   Yellowing of white marble, particularly the carra types, is very common and cannot be reversed at this time.

   EFFLORESCENCE

   Type: A dry white powder on the surface of the stone. True efflorescence is loose and will wipe off easily.

   Problem: Most conditions that cause efflorescence are water related. Efflorescence will continue to be a problem unless the moisture is eliminated.

   Solution:

   1. DO NOT use any water, cleaners etc in an attempt to remove effloresce. This will only cause more efflorescence.
   2. Remove the efflorescence with a dry white cloth or buff using 0000# steel wool. Wait to see if efflorescence returns. If it does, repeat dry buffing.
   3. If the efflorescence condition is indoors it may help to install de-humidifiers or turn the air conditioner down to about 72 degrees Fahrenheit.

   It can take several months for the stone to dry and completely eliminate the problem. 66

   COPPER

   Type:

   Copper piping, sculptures, etc.

   Problem:

   Copper can cause a green stain that can sometimes penetrate deep into stone if allowed to age.

   Solution:

   1. Remove any excess crust by scraping with a sharp razor blade. If the surface is polished wet the surface with soap and water to prevent scratching the stone.
   2. Prepare a solution of one part ammonium and 3 parts warm water. Apply this solution to the surface and agitate with a soft bristle brush. Rinse with clean water.
   3. If stain is still present, poultice with ammonium chloride and StoneMedic SPP Stone Poultice Powder.

   ALUMINUM

   Type:

   All aluminum, usually from windows, awnings, etc.

   Problem:

   Can leave a crusty, whitish residue.

   Solution:

   1. On polished surfaces, scrape any crusty residue from the surface with a sharp razor blade. On textured surfaces use a hard brush.
   2. On textured surfaces, mix one part hydrochloric acid in 20 parts water, apply solution and agitate with a soft nylon brush.
   3. On polished surfaces, dilute one part hydrochloric acid in 40 parts water, apply solution and agitate with a soft nylon brush. Re-hone and re-polish the surface to return the luster.

   Caution: Be extremely careful with hydrochloric acids near marbles; they will severely etch the surface.

   CRYSTALLIZATION

   Type:

   Crystallization is a process used to polish marble. Includes all brands Problem:

   If this process is overused in can build up and turn yellow on light colored stones. It also may give the stone a plastic-like look.

   Solution:

   1. Crystallization can be stripped chemically using a solution of oxalic acid and water. Start by using one cup of oxalic acid to one gallon of water. Apply this solution to the stone and agitate with a hog hair pad.
   2. Once coating is removed chemically, re-honing and re-polishing will be necessary.
   3. An alterative method to chemical stripping is to simply diamond-grind the crystallized cap off, then re-hone and re-polish.

   MORTAR

   Type:

   Concrete, thin set, mud sets, grout films and other concrete based residues. Problem:

   Can leave a film on surface of stone that can be hard to remove. Concrete will very rarely stain unless it is colored.

   Solution:

   1. If the film is light, clean the surface of the stone with a heavy duty stone cleaner and water.
   2. If film is stubborn, clean the surface with a solution of one part hydrochloric acid to 20 parts water on textured stone and one part hydrochloric acid to 40 parts water on polished stone. Agitate until mortar is removed.

   3.Re-hone and re-polish marble surfaces.

   Caution: Hydrochloric acid can severely etch polished marble, use extreme caution.

   RUBBER

   Type:

   All types of tire marks created by cars, trucks, carts, etc.

   Problem:

   Can leave a rubber track on surface. Tire marks will rarely but they can be difficult to remove on porous surfaces like concrete, brick and rough stone.

   Solution:

   1. Clean thoroughly with a degreaser and warm water. Scrub with stiff bristle brush.
   2. If marks are stubborn, clean with a solvent such as mineral spirits. Use a stiff bristle brush.

   STREAKING

   Type:

   All types of streaking, appearing as a cloudy uneven pattern on the surface. Problem: Streaking can be caused from the following:

   – Dirty mops used to mop floor.

   – Improper application of waxes or coatings.

   – Improper cleaners.

   – Using too much cleaner.

   Solution:

   1. Determine what is causing the streaking and eliminate the cause.
   2. If streaking is caused by wax build-up, strip the surface with a commercial wax stripper.
   3. If streaking is caused by using too much cleaner, dirty mop or improper cleaner, re-mop the floor with stone soap and buff with a white nylon pad.

   ALKALINE BURNS

   Type:

   Burns from alkaline strippers, ammonia and heavy duty stone cleaners Problem: Alkaline burns are caused by salts contained in cleaners that are deposited below the surface of the stone. The etch marks appear similar to an acid etch mark.

   Solution:

   1. Attempt to remove burns with a mild acid. If the stone is a polished marble, do not use acid.
   2. If dealing with a polished marble, re-hone and re-polish the burn marks. 3. If the burns appear light, try re-polishing only.

   STUNS

   Type:

   Stun marks caused by heavy objects dropped on a marble floor, also high heel marks Problem:

   Stun marks are very common on some marbles. They are usually caused by walking across the floor with high heels, and they leave a white spot on the marble. Stun marks can be telegraphed to the bottom of the stone. They are caused by the individual crystals in the stone exploding.

   Solution:

   Try grinding, honing and polishing the floor. This may eliminate some light stuns but many times they cannot be removed.

   SWIRLS

   Type:

   Circular pattern swirls.

   Problem: Swirls marks appear as circular patterns on the surface of the stone. This is usually caused by a floor machine using abrasive pads like steel wool or pads that have trapped sand and grit under them.

   Solution:

   1. Light swirls can be removed by re-polishing. Heavy swirls will require re-honing and re-polishing.

   Caution: When using any type of rotating machine (floor buffer, automatic scrubber, hand machine, etc.) never hold the machine stationary while operating. Keep it moving. Keeping machine stationary may cause severe swirling.

   LEATHER

   Type:

   Shoe and clothing leather

   Problem:

   Leather contains oils and dyes which can penetrate into stone and cause staining. Solution:

   1. Clean the area thoroughly with acetone and a clean white cloth.
   2. If stain is deep, poultice with a solvent such as mineral spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   CARPET PADDING

   Type:

   Carpet padding made of jute.

   Problem:

   Carpets that have jute backing can leave a difficult to remove brown to yellow stain on stone surfaces. The jute is made of a burlap type material. Jute backing can cause some very deep stains that can penetrate throughout the stone.

   Solution:

   1. Scrape any excess carpet padding from the surface.
   2. Clean area thoroughly with a mild detergent and clean cold water. 3. Poultice with 20-50% hydrogen peroxide and diatomaceous earth.

   PAPER

   Type:

   Brown paper bags and construction paper

   Problem:

   It is very common for contractors to cover a new stone floor with brown construction paper. If this paper gets wet or slightly wet it will bleed into to stone leaving an ugly brown stain.

   Solution:

   1. Clean area with acetone and a clean white cloth.
   2. Poultice area with a solvent such as mineral Spirits and diatomaceous earth.

   SILICON

   Type:

   Silicon caulking used for grouting and anchoring stone

   Problem: 

   This can be a serious problem when caulking is used to help hold anchors in place on stone wall panels. The silicone will start to bleed through the stone in the area were the anchors are. It may take several months before the silicon becomes visible.

   Solution:

   The only known technique that will remove this silicon staining is the following:

   Prepare a poultice with commercial paint remover and diatomaceous earth. May require a dozen applications.

   If the silicon has not completely cured, the staining may return again.

   SOAP FILM

   Type:

   Soap film on shower walls and vanity tops

   Problem:

   Soap from showers can build up on shower walls leaving a film that will not wash off with regular cleaning.

   Solution:

   1. If soap film is thick, scrape with a razor blade. Wet the surface to avoid scratching. 2. Once all heavy build-up is removed, clean with acetone and a green scrub pad.
   2. There are also commercial soap film removers on the market which work well, but make sure that they do not contain acids which can etch polished marble.

   Several poultices may need to be applied to completely remove all staining. 

   APPLYING THE POULTICE

   Once the stain is identified, the following steps can be followed:

   1. Identify the stain.
   2. Clean the stained area to remove excess from the surface.
   3. Wet the stained area with distilled water. Pre-wetting fills the pores of the stone with water, isolating the stain and accelerating the removal by the chemical. the powder and the chemical of choice into a thick paste with the consistency of peanut butter. Wet it enough so that it does not run. If a paper poultice is to be used, soak the paper in the chemical. Lift the paper out of the chemical until it stops dripping.
   4. Apply the poultice to the stain, being careful not to spill any on the un-stained areas. Apply poultice approximately one-quarter-inch thick, overlapping the stain area by approximately one inch (2-½ centimeters).
   5. Cover the poultice with plastic (food wrap works very well). Tape the plastic down to seal the edges. Allow the poultice to dry thoroughly. This is a very important step. The drying of the poultice is what pulls the stain from the stone into the poultice material. If the poultice is not allowed to dry, the stain may not be removed. Drying usually takes from 24 to 48 hours.
   6. After 24 to 48 hours, remove the plastic.
   7. Remove the poultice from the stain. Rinse with distilled water and buff dry with a soft cloth. If the stain is not removed, apply the poultice again. It may take five applications or more for difficult stains.
   8. Some chemicals may etch or burn the marble surface. If this occurs, apply a polishing powder and buff to restore the shine.

UNKNOWN STAIN REMOVAL PROCEDURE

The following procedure is to be used only if you have no indication of the stain type. Be sure to test this procedure before applying it to the entire area.

1. Remove excess stain material from the surface by scraping with a very sharp razor blade.
2. Blot the stain with acetone and a clean white cloth. If the staining material transfers to the white cloth, continue blotting until no additional stain is transferred. Proceed to step # 6. If no stain is transferred to the white cloth proceed to step #3.
3. Clean the area thoroughly with cool water and stone soap or neutral cleaner. Use a white cloth to remove excess solution. If stain is transferred to the white cloth, proceed to Step #7. If stain is not transferred proceed to Step #4.
4. Blot the area with 20% hydrogen peroxide and a clean white cloth. If the stain material transfers to the white cloth, continue blotting until no stain is transferred. Proceed to Step # 8. If no stain is transferred proceed to step # 5.
5. Clean the area thoroughly with an iron-removing cleaner. Agitate with a soft brush or cloth and remove excess with a white cloth. Use caution; most iron-removing chemicals contain acids and may etch the stone. If stain is lightened, proceed to step # 9. If stain is not changed by this method proceed to step #10.
6. Apply a poultice using Diatomaceous earth and either mineral spirits or commercial paint remover. Several poultices may be needed. Use only one solvent type. Do not mix solvents. Continue to poultice until stain is removed. If stain is not removed or lightened after five attempts proceed to step #10.
7. Apply a poultice of diatomaceous earth and an alkaline stone cleaner or heavy duty neutral cleaner. Several poultices may need to be applied. Continue to poultice until stain is removed. If stain is not removed or lightened after five attempts proceed to step #10.
8. Apply a poultice of diatomaceous earth and 20% hydrogen peroxide. Do not use clay or fuller earth powders that contain hydrogen peroxide. If stain is difficult to remove, re-poultice using 50% hydrogen peroxide. Several poultices may need to be applied. Continue poulticing until stain is removed. If stain is not removed or lightened after five attempts, proceed to step #10.
9. Apply a poultice with diatomaceous earth and an iron-removing chemical. Continue poulticing until stain is completely removed. Re-honing and/or re-polishing may be necessary on marble. If stain is not removed or lightened after five attempts proceed to step # 10.
10. If stain is not removed, it is likely that it has become permanently set or it is part of the stone. Replacing the stone or using a rug to cover the stain may be the only options.

WHAT IS A POULTICE?

A poultice is an absorbent material applied to a surface to draw out a stain. It can be a powder, paper or a gel. The most common poultices in use today are powders. A number of powders are very absorbent and are ideal for stain removal. Some typical powders used in poultices are listed below:

• Clays and fullers earth
• Talc
• Chalk (whiting)
• Sepiolite (hydrous magnesium silicate)
• Diatomaceous earth
• Methyl cellulose
• Flour

Clays and diatomaceous earth are usually the best. Do not use whiting or clays containing iron. When using acidic chemicals the acids will react with the iron and may cause yellowing of certain stone surfaces. It is best to purchase poultice powder materials from a reputable supplier of products for this purpose.

Paper poultices can be quite effective on mild stains. They are easier to apply than powder poultices and are also easier to remove. Some typical paper poultices listed below:

• Cotton balls
• Paper towels
• Gauze pads

Gel poultices are usually thick chemical gels that are designed to be applied to a stain with the use of powders or papers. They work effectively with certain stains. When purchasing poultice materials, ask if they contain stain removing chemicals or if they need chemicals added. Some powder and gel poultices contain chemicals, and all you need to do is add water. Never mix additional chemicals with a poultice that contains its own chemical formulation.